For the Swedish economist Bertil Ohlin (1899-1979) and following the teachings of his master Eli Heckscher (1879-1952) stated in his work that the differences international and interregional in production costs occur due to differences in the allocation of factors of production. Taken
text Ohlin (1933), the principle factor endowments, allowing abundant factors are exported in exchange for importing those scarce factors.
text Ohlin (1933), the principle factor endowments, allowing abundant factors are exported in exchange for importing those scarce factors.
For example Japan is a country of scarce resources and abundant labor in the last decades of the last millennium, the factor endowment has not been favorable in terms of natural resources, but the highly skilled labor tech (with a high degree of technology), have allowed settle for second place in the world, in terms of industrial and technological development and thus become a world power.
However, the theory of factor endowments Heckscher - Ohlin, which explains well the international trade patterns, faces on recent trends, where industrialized countries are reaching similar conditions in their endowments, this argues the need for new mechanisms (and theoretical) that explain as they adapt industrialized countries face this way Homogenization of production, maybe one of them is on the way of cost efficiency, where production of goods in countries with high human capital endowment (labor ) may, to be abundant this, reduce costs and increase international competitiveness. Here comes the technology again as a means to reduce these differences, allowing removal labor repetitive manufacturing processes through the use of computers, robots and machines process outsourcing.
In the case of Peru, our trade balance between 1991 and 2001 has been insufficient, limiting our country become a net importer, yet possessing natural resources at their disposal, a situation that the employer has not taken advantage of Peru, until the arrival of new foreign business trends. Since 2002, this situation is reversed so far and is now positive (more and exports minus imports), however the main component that has influenced this are mining exports, which reached 60.9% in 2009.
The excessive concentration of income in this sector (mining), somewhat distorted in the direction of growth of the local manufacturing industry, when it is oriented to the external market, then the inner drive is what makes this so far grow and it is found that the increase in capacity utilization is increasing at the time
This would require Peru to prioritize destination earnings from the mining sector and designed to generate in the medium term local industries capable of competitively face their peers abroad. A much more modern view is provided by Michael Porter, who estimates as factors for improving competitiveness:
The allocation country in terms of quantity and quality of basic production factors (force labor, natural resources, capital and infrastructure) and skills, specialized expertise and technology to determine their ability to generate and assimilate innovations.
The nature of domestic demand in relation to the supply of domestic production.
The nature of domestic demand in relation to the supply of domestic production.
The existence of a production structure made up of companies of different sizes, but efficient international level, related horizontal and vertical .
The legal conditions and stability of the state prevailing in the country's creation, organization and management of enterprises and competition and regulation.
Prepare Peruvian industry to competition with their peers abroad, may require partnerships with major industries, in fact taking care of the local economy, since the effect of the theory of Herckscher - Ohlin, less competitive industries, due to a deficient supply of factors such as technology, stay outside and be eliminated from the production process, so much so that the assembly industry vehicular Peru was reduced to a negligible figure in the GDP national The same has occurred with electric industries category, except those where the action is low cost and relatively abundant, such as copper and its derivatives.
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