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regulatory
instruments for tax purposes of extractive companies
, we can lump them into two (2) fundamental.
The first environmental policy instruments to appear were the so-called rules of command and control
( Command & Control) those whose legal approach, are the most widely used in environmental regulation.
This instrument provides a set of rules that producers pollution are obliged to comply (Mandate), which seeks to ensure environmental quality standards, such as setting limits on the amount of emissions, the characterization of intermediate products and / or final and pollution levels permissive and industrial processes in the production and decontamination. Along with this, it develops a monitoring system to check for possible errors by the polluters (Control), which should generate economic sanctions and legal.
Some of these rules are: 1 .-
pollutant emission or operating standards for setting maximum levels of substances pollutants that can be emitted to the environment. 2 .-
Control on the maximum concentration allowed pollution. 3 .-
Norms on products, aimed at establishing appropriate characteristics of products and services from the point of view. 4 .-
Standards design technology to improve production technology and introduce standards of decontamination. 5 .-
Preventive Norms, which allows the planning regulating the conditions of habitability , land use, noise levels, etc..
The second instrument economic or market appears when it is found that the technical efficiency of command and control instruments ( Command & Control) contrasts with the very objectives of the object to be regulated This aims for more flexible instruments that use economic incentives to modify behavior environmental operators.
Although several types of economic instruments for environmental policy, we can group them as follows:
- taxes,
- the markets for emission allowances
- subsidies.
1 .- taxes, environmental tax is a tax-order payment to be made by economic agents emitting pollutants substances, which can be fixed or variable, from a minimum allowable emissions and proportionately this, whose purpose is to affect behavior of agents to reduce the level of environmental degradation occurred (regardless of the fate of the taxes collected).
2 .- The emission rights markets, is creating a market in which traders can buy and sell permits (rights) associated environmental degradation. Basically
(although as we shall see there are other alternatives), the regulator sets an overall limit on emissions and, according to this limit, divided among the various pollutants the rights to emit a certain amount of pollutant and sets a period of time (usually one year) during which they will be able to trade those rights. After completion of this term, polluters must submit a number of allowances equivalent to their emissions during the period. There are several types of permits such as:
- For the type of permit, which distinguishes between exchange markets emission permits and the trading markets relative concentrations of pollution .
- By the nature of the market, here markets are distinguished in which the state controller delivers rights between polluters and markets pollutants, which generate their own rights, from reduction of pollution own.
- By the definition of property rights, in markets that are allocated free permits to polluters , this involves the allocation of property rights environmental polluters to , further markets in which society assigns property rights, auctioned permits among polluters for society.
- For exchange rules. Where we exchange markets one by one and markets in which the exchange rate depends on the location of polluter.
3 .- Grants, here the State regulator, is who pays a "subsidy" to the agent polluter to stop polluting. This contribution can be used by the polluter agent to cover the cost of the infrastructure needed to decontaminate production process. Obviously this is contrary to the rule "polluter pays."
As we see, not necessarily regulation is detrimental to productive economic processes, but contribute to a better assessment of the companies using them to reduce polluting industrial processes .
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